EXPLAINING SIMPLY

...half life determines the duration of drug effect; half life = (Volume of distribution divided by clearance) x 0.693 Or half life = Time constant x 0.693 Or Time Constant = Volume of distribution divided by Clearance. 1 half life = 50% of the amount of drug remaining in  the body. 2 half life = 25% of the amount of drug remaining in  the body. 3 half life = 12.5% of the amount of drug remaining in  the body. 4 half life = 6.25% of the amount of drug remaining in  the body. 5 half life = 3.125% of the amount of drug remaining in  the body. Time constant is longer than the Half life. In one time constant decreases to 36.8% (up to less than 50% - that is to say - one time constant takes longer time than one half life) But, if the system is about increase rather than decrease - it increases to 63.2% in one time constant. The time constant represents the elapsed time required for the system response to decay to zero if the system had continued to decay at the IN

...'the quality or state of being conscious or aware of something.' P.S. Mindfulness requires repeating and recalling the details of the present environment - thus avoiding the distractions. Mindfulness: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/pages/mindfulness.aspx

..."The Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell controversy concerns the question of whether Gray and Bell invented the telephone independently." P.S. In order to date the invention or discovery, the simplest way is to post to one's own address; it gets dated - if "war" about who first ensues later. Invention can be at "ideation", "theoretical" or "Practical" level but for patenting it should be a marketable product or at least associated with a marketable product. Salman Rushdie could get his otherwise non-marketable expression "Naughty But Nice" by associating it with advertisement of a cream chocolate. Einstein could not get his equation E=mc2 patented because it is a concept. But, he could get his blouse design patented because it is a marketable product. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy

...choose to DO or THINK about before the ENERGY goes away. P.S. Use it or lose it! Reenergise: http://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2017/03/08/freerunner-goes-viral-sensational-tribute-trainspottings-opening-scene/

...Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) develops with tolerance and forgiveness; Emotional Intelligence (EQ) develops with adapting to the changing environment and Mental Intelligence (IQ) develops with repetition and practice. P.S. - ability to tell that two plus two is 4 implies Mental Intelligence (IQ); adapting to accept that 2 + 2 can be 5 is Emotional Intelligence (EQ) (put 2 mice in a box and 2 more mice in the same box, upon opening after a month, there can be 5 mice, isn't it?) and Spiritual Intelligence implies 2 + 2 can be infinity - soul out of the body wandering in the Universe - relieved from the materialistic world - ready to tolerate and forgive because own existence can be equal to Zero without the body which will perish and the soul will be released to the infinite Universe. Autobiography of a yogi: https://www.ananda.org/free-inspiration/books/autobiography-of-a-yogi/

...better to match the seizure with enough oxygen - it is like a brain stimulant - can have great creative power. P.S. - better to harness the creative potential during the lucid period. Probably, epileptic patients be given "home oxygen" to avail during seizure attacks because during such excessive electrical discharge more oxygen is needed to prevent anaerobic metabolism and the resulting brain oedema causing brain cell death eventually. How to prevent seizures: http://www.everydayhealth.com/epilepsy/preventing-epilepsy-seizures.aspx

...there is usually very LITTLE TIME before the future becomes the present; so, better to begin NOW itself!

...never consider an idea laughable; just write down and "ruminate" and "incubate" the 'brainchild'. P.S. ...better to post to oneself through post office before disclosing to anyone; it gets dated - to be prepared if a "war" for patenting ensues - who first?

...discoveries and inventions are to make everyday life comfortable, not otherwise. P.S. "Jugaad (alternatively Juggaar) is a colloquial Hindi-Urdu word that can mean an innovative fix or a simple work-around, used for solutions that bend rules, or a resource that can be used as such, or a person who can solve a complicated issue." 'Juggad' and invention are two different things; former is applicable in war zones and where resources are scarce, latter is possible in peace and where 'forging' companies (e.g. Menlo Park-https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison) - can produce a product overnight, just need to get an idea! 'Sneak and Peep' policy particularly since 9/11 has almost legalised "phishing" of Intellectual Property through 'Windows', 'Mac' and others - nothing is secret on one's desktop. Speech by Charlie Chaplin: http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-05-08/greatest-speech-ever-more-relevant-ever

...better to consume all 20 odd amino acids and the digestive enzymes. P.S. - Carbohydrate and fat are generally taken in plenty; protein in its broken form of amino acids can build the breaking tissues and repair and heal. Amino acids: http://www.aminoacid-studies.com/amino-acids/what-are-amino-acids.html

..."A vaccine used over 100 years ago for tuberculosis (BCG - bacillus Calmette-Guerin) has shown promise in reversing diabetes. This vaccine is now commonly used for treating bladder cancer and is considered to be safe." P.S. BCG helps produce TNF which destroys T cells - the Beta cell killer. Trial at Boston: http://www.faustmanlab.org/docs/clinicalt/BCG%20TRIALS%20FACT%20SHEET.pdf

...some patterns do exist in this chaotic cosmos same as the electrical discharge from the heart is chaotic but by "Fourier analysis" some patterns are seen as ECG waves. P.S. Similarly, this "little beautiful yellow flower" is a "Fourier analysis by God" to exist out from this chaotic cosmos putting the necessary materials together as a "little beautiful yellow flower". Its existence has come for a while, before it withers away, eyes get the treat! Does Chaos Rule the Cosmos? http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/doeschaosrulethe147/

...appendix does "serve to seed" the gut again of its normal bacterial flora after a wash out by severe diarrhoea and dysentery. Appendix retains protected some of the bacterial flora in the side stream space; lymphoid tissues further protect from other insults. P.S. Like a "little curd" (joran in Hindi)  containing Lactobacillus is needed for fermenting and turning warm milk into curd overnight. 7 Signs Your Gut Bacteria Are Out of Whack: http://blog.paleohacks.com/7-signs-your-gut-bacteria-are-out-of-whack/

...Anacin (aspirin + caffeine) and banana each day gave a man, Sanchez-Blazquez of Grand Island, N.Y.,112 years of life. Probably, banana prevented gastric erosion by aspirin and aspirin itself helped repairing of normal wear and tear of tissues. P.S. HearIng might be affected because NSAIDs inhibit vasodialating prostacyclin. Aspirin is not a NSAID, rather it would thin the blood by inhibiting thromboxane in low doses and improve blood flow. Preemptive analgesia (taking analgesia before injury) does help to prevent the ongoing tissue damage process and thus pain occurrence is slowed or prevented. Paracetamol is also not a NSAID, acts centrally, depletes glutathione in the liver and has mostly antipyretic and little analgesic effect. Continuous long term use should be avoided; plenty of water to wash out is necessary. No risk, no gain but need to take calculated risk with precaution. World's Oldest Man Says He Owes Longevity to Anacin Tablets, Bananas: http://abcnews.

...everyone has cancer; only difference is that most people die due to other causes before cancer would appear. Everyone dies, only difference is about early & late and slow & fast death. P.S. - "However, many men never know they have prostate cancer. Autopsy studies of Chinese, German, Israeli, Jamaican, Swedish, and Ugandan men who died of other causes have found prostate cancer in 30% of men in their fifties, and in 80% of men in their seventies." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer Dying with Dignity: http://www.finalexitnetwork.org/

...good to walk till sweaty; helps produce more stem cells in bone marrow. P.S. Given that it is harder to pump in blood into bones. Stem Cells: http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bone-marrow-transplant/in-depth/stem-cells/art-20048117?pg=2

...education is to train the mind to THINK better; indeed the brain which was earlier caller a “cooler” processes the accumulated data, information, knowledge, experience and wisdom to arrive at a conclusion but in an illiterate person though there might be patchy information or experience, generally “short circuits” into a defective conclusion and are often “short tempered” relying more on their instinct (Id) than the “Ego” or the “Super Ego” which comes with more learning and wisdom; many “fuzz factors” need to be taken into consideration before arriving at a decision – for an example, the famous equation, E = mc^2 is just a mnemonic devised for easy remembering of a complex reality; actually, the proper equation together with the “fuzz factors” is E^2 = (mc^2 )^2 + (pc)^2 (^ stands for the power) - a fact to be vehemently denied by someone having little knowledge and would argue that E = mc^2; as we progress in life with our learning we tend to THINK more together with more and mor

...Human Capital (health & education), Social Capital (family & friends) and Financial Capital (money & property). P.S. Need to prioritise according to the current circumstances. Capital: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)

...courage + science = fantastic acrobatics! P.S. Carrying a remote control in the right hand to control the flow and speed of water jet of this flyboard. FLYBOARDING EXPERIENCES: https://www.buyagift.co.uk/adventure/flyboarding?Channel=PPC&cm_mmc=google-_-ADV+-+Flyboarding+-+Exact-_-Flyboarding-_-flyboarding%20uk&mkwid=sN0CV4jQX_dm&pcrid=151161369753&pkw=flyboarding%20uk&pmt=e&DD=Adrenaline&gclid=CjwKEAjw3drIBRCOwfC-_qqyjQ8SJADvoWQp-O_oEsW3GxO3BfnZSa9-vUwGgSFrQ9s64tiAm92eGhoCZ27w_wcB

...VIRUS is actually a person or organisation at the other end to take control of the contents and processes within computers. P.S. - It is like a "Star War" for control among the multiple VIRUSES when they are allowed to enter the computers. Having one antivirus, say Kaspersky or McAfee, it is like allowing ONE MASTER to take control who has been authenticated by law. But, there are many other MASTERS who want to rather help as a ROBINHOOD. This "star war" would continue to take control!

...the weaker goes into oblivion - Social Darwinism. P.S. Man is a Social being, hence a social responsibility to take control of Social Darwinism. Machiavellian method: examples - Free NHS is possible by charging 40% tax - the rich have to pay more percentage wise. Say, when a new iPhone comes in the market, it is highly priced, the rich buy initially; later the price is lowered for the poor. Machiavellianism: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellianism

...the ratio is 3:1 for the characteristics to appear or disappear in children upon hybridisation - caution against assuming illegitimacy. P.S. "Mendel discovered that, when he crossed purebred white flower and purple flower pea plants (the parental or P generation), the result was not a blend. Rather than being a mix of the two, the offspring (known as the F1 generation) was purple-flowered. When Mendel self-fertilized the F1 generation pea plants, he obtained a purple flower to white flower ratio in the F2 generation of 3 to 1. The results of this cross are tabulated in the Punnett square to the right." Mendelian Inheritance: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance

...ideas to begin with are simple! Usually laughable because not yet tried and tested. P.S. Need to just write those ideas in few simple words or sentences and expand after a certain incubation period. For patenting it needs to be dated; one of the ways is to POST it to oneself, idea written on the inside portion of an envelope itself, such that the date stamp and the idea are on the same piece of paper; or else it can be argued in court of law that the content of the envelope was added later. Patent Office: https://www.innovate-design.co.uk/frequently-asked-questions-2/?src=AdWords&medium=PPC&campaign=AdGroupName&Network=S&kw=patent%20office%20uk&gclid=CjwKEAjw387JBRDPtJePvOej8kASJADkV9TLLWDMe-WpJ8rgIj-8bLjLXeaATgsWaNVnLJ6JgDCmhRoCGt_w_wcB

...one of the easiest way to fame is to WRITE and write and write and write! P.S. Just pick a pen and paper (can be electronically as well) and write whatever comes to mind. Keep piling up those. After a certain incubation period re-read and re-write. U r almost there! Writing: https://m.freelancer.co.uk/find/book-writing?gclid=CjwKEAjwgtTJBRDRmd6ZtLrGyxwSJAA7Fy-h-s9YxpETb0tTmYTaDnZISOSmGbHiMlV3SvHs_BYycxoCk-3w_wcB

..."we are a tiny speck of time." - Stephen Hawking P.S. Time is the best healer. The old gives place to the new. It is a relay race of generations - passing the baton to the next generation - to race better. It is the ultimate reward by God  to everyone irrespective of their deeds and origin - to liberate the soul from the body to the limitless Universe, the INFINITY, letting the body to decompose to ZERO. Life is a story between ZERO and INFINITY. Grief of Loss: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/emotionalhealth/Pages/Dealingwithloss.aspx

...worth considering AMINO ACID 1000 regularly from Holland Barrett for several reasons. Food supplements are the best medicine. P.S. No matter how balanced or varied diet one can have, some amino acids out of the 20 might be missing or deficient. In order to have daily, all 8 Essential Amino Acids and as well the 12 Non-essentials, one must think about supplementing with the food. Besides the environmental factor of non-availability to the body, there can be genetic make-up such which might not be allowing synthesising all the Non-essentials adequately. In order to make up on a daily basis amino acids need to be supplemented. Miraculous changes can begin in the structure and function - slow but sure - because it is a food supplement not a fast acting medicine. Amino acids are the building blocks of the tissues broken down during various activities. Enzymes are protein. Those are synthesised from amino acids. There are thousands of biochemical reactions taking place in the b

...LAW has evolved over the time to guide people towards right path. Parliamentarians are the lawmakers. Religion in its entity is no more needed. More than 25% of English and Welsh; more than 52% Scottish say - they have NO Religion. No Religion does not mean No God. Supernatural power is there called God. P.S. Religion is a CLOSED MIND. The universal religion of all the religions is LAW. Judiciary is supreme in any country; can even sentence a person to death or life imprisonment. No Religion: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-20678136 Half of UK - No Religion: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-35029924/half-of-uk-population-identify-as-non-religious Scotland - No Religion: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/35953639 Debating Law and Religion Series: https://law.yale.edu/centers-workshops/debating-law-and-religion-series

...the world has become so much @addicted@ to the VIRTUAL WORLD of Social Media and Emailing that the people are drifting away from the REAL WORLD of people and realities. Many a times getting into misconception and misunderstanding. P.S. Even Machines & Monitors need ZERO CALIBRATION to prevent DRIFTING, so also people should come FACE to FACE (रूबरू) to prevent drifting from the real relationship. Father's Day: https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/2985174/fathers-day-2017-uk-date-different-other-countries/amp/

...Is success defined by 5 P's? - Power, Position, Pleasure, Prestige and Prosperity - achievements. P.S. The ability to HIRE might reflect Power through Position. BUT, there are umpteen number  of areas especially related to IMBIBING within one's own body, mind and spirit all possible VIRTUES from the exterior world of people and universe. Such that the good health, social well-being and available resources provide COMFORT - the ultimate bliss. (Aaram shabdh mein Ram chhippa haei - God is Blissful Heaven). Defining Success and Creating More: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/defining-success-creating-more-rina-chong What Is Success? https://www.inc.com/geoffrey-james/what-is-success-better-definition.html

🌺  LAWS OF NATURE "...The food we eat, has to be digested and then thrown out of body in 24 hours, else we will fall ill." "...The water we drink, gets in our body and is thrown out in 4 hours, else we will fall ill." "...The air we breathe, has to be thrown out in 1 minute, else we will die." "What about negative emotions like hatred, anger, jealousy, insecurity ... we hold in our body for days, months and years." "If these negative emotions are not thrown out regularly it props up into psycho-somatic diseases." "And meditation and prayers are safest way to dissolve these emotions." ...Have a healthy life ahead ...🌺

..."Reading makes a Full man, Writing an Exact man and Conference a Ready man." - Bacon. P.S. Internet facility has opened a whole world of possibilities. Chance and Choice make a man. Better to create more Chances - Possibilities - to choose the best possibility out of the myriads of possibilities. Medical Conferences: http://www.medical.theconferencewebsite.com/

...fungal infection is often overlooked. P.S. Microorganisms are the invisible army of enemies. Keeping up the immunity is important with food supplements; drawing extra breaths every hour, filling the lungs fully helps. HOW TO KILL FUNGAL INFECTIONS: http://www.organiclifestylemagazine.com/issue/15-how-to-kill-fungal-infections

...Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) develops with tolerance and forgiveness; Emotional Intelligence (EQ) develops with adapting to the changing environment and Mental Intelligence (IQ) develops with repetition and practice. P.S. Interaction plays a great role in our interpersonal relationship. We can suppose being ‘Happy’ to be denoted by a plus sign (+) and being ‘Unhappy’ by a minus sign (-). Though, it is hard to find another person getting ‘Happy’ (+) when someone is ‘Happy’ (+) say after winning a huge lottery, it is called ‘”Mudita” or Joy (+,+). Mudita is a Hindi word used in Buddism to explain the feeling of joy. Herein, the ‘Happy’ emotion matches between the two persons (+,+) which is rare in this materialistic world. The usual reactive emotion is ‘Unhappy’ after seeing someone ‘Happy’ which is Jealousy or Envy (+, -). The emotions do not match and the two persons are not in harmony (+,-) . When someone is ‘Unhappy’ and upon seeing him another person is also ‘Unhappy’ say a

...modification of Pulse Oximetry for Diabetes HbA1c Monitoring. P.S. Submitted to InnoCentive in March'17; Medtronic Diabetes working on it. Roche company had posted this Challenge on InnoCentive to solve. HbA1c monitoring is better over days and weeks to indicate glucose control for adjusting diet, exercise and medication which need to be around 6-7%. Best of all it will be non-invasive. The light absorption spectrum of HbA1c need to be experimentally found as to which wavelength light is absorbed by it as oxyHb 940 nm and DeoxyHb 660 nm. A new algorithm will need to be developed. Good to be registered with InnoCentive and solving their Challenges. The world does need repetitive work for survival but need to add to the ease and comfort of daily life through innovation and developing new ideas. Medtronic Diabetes: https://www.medtronic-diabetes.co.uk/ Roche Diabetes: https://www.roche.co.uk/home/company-portrait/diabetes-care.html InnoCentive: https://www.innoc

...Can man become machine? P.S. Say, legs replaced with prosthetic legs; hands as well; heart and lungs replaced by heart-lung machine; so on and so forth; even brain replaced by computer BUT at the end EMOTION is still not possible to be replaced -the function of AMYGDALA - a roughly almond-shaped mass of grey matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, involved with the experiencing of EMOTIONS. When will man become machine? http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-30583218

...called HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) because it has 50% protein; protein is heavier than fat. Better to take Amino Acids to increase HDL. HDL is protective cholesterol. Cholesterol is essential for every cell of the body. One egg contains 200 mg cholesterol. Daily requirement not more than 300 mg. P.S. LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) has less protein, so called low density; forms plaques in arteries and obstructs blood flow. Good and Bad cholesterol: https://www.drdavidwilliams.com/ldl-hdl-cholesterol

...as the old saying goes, "you are what you eat." And that’s very true. - Heather McClees "Garlic, chocolate, cinnamon, olive oil, and honey. That’s right, LaPallo eats these foods daily in addition to organic fruits and vegetables and accredits these five special foods to his success." P.S. "Garlic is a powerful immunity enhancer, cancer fighter and liver detoxifier. Chocolate has been known to help many people live a long life. It has incredible anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and immune-boosting properties. Cinnamon is a fantastic spice for anti-aging, immunity, blood sugar and heart health. Olive oil is another powerful anti-inflammatory food, as well as a great source of Vitamin E, healthy monounsaturated fats for your heart, and contains high levels of cancer-fighting properties. And finally, honey is a powerful miracle food that has been used for hundreds of years for its anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and heart health benefits." The 5 Foods:

... "anode ray (also positive ray or canal ray) is a beam of positive ions that is created by certain types of gas discharge tubes. They were first observed in Crookes tubes during experiments by the German scientist Eugen Goldstein, in 1886." P.S. "These rays are beams of particles moving in a direction opposite to the "cathode rays," which are streams of electrons which move toward the anode. Goldstein called these positive rays Kanalstrahlen, "channel rays" or "canal rays", because they were produced by the holes or channels in the cathode." Anode ray: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode_ray?sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjg2OOZi8jVAhXELlAKHTEmCQ8Q9QEIDjAA Why do canal rays depend upon the nature of gas present in the cathode ray tube? https://www.quora.com/Why-do-canal-rays-depend-upon-the-nature-of-gas-present-in-the-cathode-ray-tube

...the truth is, success is not a straight line. P.S. It’s a bumpy one full of peaks and valleys. And even if putting in the effort, even if doing everything right - it doesn’t mean the road ahead will be smooth and easy. Nor should one want it to be. Because when one knows how, one can use the adversity and challenges in life as a SPRINGBOARD to bounce back even higher, and get closer to the success and outcomes one wants. Lesson On Success is Not a Straight Line: http://www.evelynlim.com/lesson-on-success-is-not-a-straight-line/

...Spiritual Intelligence P.S. A SOUND mind resides in a sound body - as the famous saying goes. Having achieved a sound body, the quest for a sound mind goes on and on in a civilised society to survive and excel harmoniously with the surrounding environment. In order to get civilised in a strategic manner through education and training, the quest for a sound mind propels. Education trains the mind to think. The ability to think makes ways for goal-oriented adaptation to the surrounding and the people. Learning through life help develop mental intelligence through repetition and practice; emotional intelligence through adapting to the changing environment and spiritual intelligence through tolerance and forgiveness. The assessment tools developed to test mental, emotional and spiritual intelligence are complex and controversial which yield quotient viz. Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Emotional Quotient (EQ) and Spiritual Quotient (SQ) respectively. The ability to tell that tw

...education is to train the mind to THINK better, indeed the brain which was earlier caller a “cooler” processes the accumulated data, information, knowledge, experience and wisdom to arrive at a conclusion but in an illiterate person though there might be patchy information or experience, generally “short circuits” into a defective conclusion and are often “short tempered” relying more on their instinct (Id) than the “Ego” or the “Super Ego” which comes with more learning and wisdom; many “fuzz factors” need to be taken into consideration before arriving at a decision. P.S. For an example, the famous equation, E = mc^2 is just a mnemonic devised for easy remembering of a complex reality; actually, the proper equation together with the “fuzz factors” is E^2 = (mc^2 )^2 + (pc)^2 (^ stands for the power). As one progresses in life with learning, tends to THINK more together with more and more “fuzz factors” of life. Life-or-Death Confusion in the Law : State Supreme Court Realized

...assumptions lead to mistakes and the so called truth is relative. For an example, Cup A is hotter than Cup B. For the time being, the truth is that Cup A is hotter. Cup C is brought in, which is hotter than Cup A. Now, the above statement that Cup A is hotter, is no more a truth. Thus, truth is relative. It changes with change of circumstances, good becomes bad and vice versa; right becomes wrong and vice versa, so on and so forth. P.S. For an example: If a person kills, it is murder; if the State kills, it is justice. If done before marriage, adultery; if after marriage, pious. An act in itself is not right or wrong, grace or sin. It is the circumstances, which prove it to be so. With changing circumstances, truth changes! Information or knowledge about something cannot be truth and the so called truth is for the time being until circumstances change. Circumstances is a conglomeration of time, place, person, surrounding and law. Change in any of these will change the circumsta

...holistic development of a child needs to be focused at, in schools. Not just the development of Intellectual Intelligence (IQ) but also of Emotional Intelligence (EQ) and most importantly of Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) by introducing Moral Science classes to teach to "TOLERATE and FORGIVE", which is sorely lacking in this "Trickdern world", which is no more a "Modern world". How emotional and spiritual intelligence can help managers succeed:https://managementstudyguide.com/emotional-and-spiritual-intelligence-for-managers.htm P.S. Despite, "She scored 1176 out of 1200 in her class 12 exams ...she got a cutoff 196.5 out of 200 in medicine stream and 199 out of 200 in engineering stream." law defeated her. (Doctor Anitha, she was teased. A dream run ends in tragedy:http://m.ndtv.com/blog/in-the-tragic-death-of-anitha-dont-overlook-her-dalit-caste-1745193?amp=1&akamai-rum=off) Could get only 86 out of 700 in NEET casts doubt about fraud

...even if life would be re-lived, same pattern of living would repeat with little variations because the genetic make up would be the same, place would be more or less the same and so the people around would be the same. P.S. There is always the repentance that "The Other Way" would have been better because when the future becomes the present, one is not prepared to face it with the best strategy. Advance planning is a must before the future becomes the present and when the time is still at hand. Having done meaningless things might have been meaningful in that moment of life and some "Roughage" is important as in food for the "peristalsis" of life. LOVE without a sense of responsibility is simply LIKE. If someone says that he loves but showing no  responsibility to take care, it is delinquency or just a fantasy - living in an illusion. The power to love comes with a lot of responsibility and love cannot be sustained without exhibiting responsibl

...hope on the horizon for Sickle Cell disease sufferer? Nevertheless, there is immunity from malaria. P.S. Sickle Cell disease, a congenital haemolytic anaemia causing terrible body ache upon exacerbation by clogging blood vessels, is due to polymerisation of mutated sickle Haemoglobin (HbS - Glutamic acid replaced by Valine at position 6: Normal adult - HbA and normal fetal - HbF). HbF doesn't allow polymerisation to happen but whatever little remains after infancy, is inhibited by DNMT1 (DNA Methyltransferase 1). A new FDA approved drug, Decitabine (Dec) can deplete DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1)  and to prolong its action oral Tetrahydrouridine (THU), a CDA inhibitor (Cytidine Deaminase inhibitor) is added. Thus, combining oral Dec with oral THU, the THU-Dec combination is showing promising results in the phase 1 clinical trial. Potential New Therapy on Horizon for Sickle Cell Disease: https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/2014/12/ash-sickle-cell/amp/ Sickle-cell disea

...ONLY 5-10% from diet, the rest of vitamin D must come from sunlight! P.S. VITAMIN D3, cholecalciferol is produced in the skin in the presence of sunlight, ultraviolet B (290-315 nm wavelength), which helps calcium absorption from the gut. Exposing hands, face and arms to the sun 2-3 times per week is sufficient to meet the daily requirement of Vitamin D. Vitamin D occurs naturally in fish, eggs, milk and margarine (imitated butter = refined vegetable oil, water and milk = Flora). Food supplements like Wellman/Wellwoman/Wellkid can provide daily need of all vitamins and minerals. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency with UV light in patients with malabsorption syndromes: a case series: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846322/ Vitamin D and UV radiation: http://www.sunsmart.com.au/downloads/resources/info-sheets/vitamin-d-uv-radiation-info-sheet.pdf Vitamin D Deficiency: http://www.medicinenet.com/vitamin_d_deficiency/article.htm Vitamin D: http://www.nhs.uk/Co

...VITAMIN B12 and Folic acid (B9 or Folate) together work in repairing the daily wear and tear of DNA. P.S. B12 helps B9 to become tetrahydrofolate, which the body uses, otherwise it keeps sitting idle. Many cellular metabolisms depend on the duo, affecting fat, protein, DNA, blood, mucosa and cells. Better to take all vitamins together with minerals as daily requirement dose; can not get each enough in balanced or varied diet. VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID: http://www.b12-vitamin.com/folic-acid/ 9 Signs You're Not Getting Enough B12: https://www.prevention.com/health/signs-of-b12-deficiency?amp B12: Dr J Chandy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klobLSxv6i0 Holland & Barrett Mega B-100 Vitamin B Complex 50 Caplets: http://www.hollandandbarrett.com/shop/product/holland-barrett-mega-b-100-vitamin-b-complex-caplets-60000770 Wellman: http://www.boots.com/wellman

...AN ALTERNATIVE (star-shaped polymer) to antibiotics, which can fight and rip off even drug-resistant superbug's cell wall, is on the way. P.S. IN ALL EXPERIMENTS, the star-shaped polymers have been able to kill their targeted bacteria. Interestingly, even generation after generation do not develop resistance to the polymers. Quite assuringly, it does not enter and affect normal healthy cells unlike the conventional antibiotics. The star-shaped polymer is structurally nanoengineered antimicrobial peptide polymer (SNAPP). Why The Science World Is Freaking Out Over This 25-Year-Old's Answer to Antibiotic Resistance: https://www.sciencealert.com/the-science-world-s-freaking-out-over-this-25-year-old-s-solution-to-antibiotic-resistance Killing superbugs with star-shaped polymers, not antibiotics: https://phys.org/news/2016-09-superbugs-star-shaped-polymers-antibiotics.amp

...IT WON'T be out of place to believe that each and every person has the innate ability to form a common sense. P.S. THE BEST WAY to form a common sense is to sleep after gathering all the information in relation to the topic, the subject, the perspective, the matter and the like. Common sense is just the integration of all the facts and figures gathered through the five senses - seeing, hearing, touching, smelling and tasting. Upon gathering the facts and figures, one should ruminate and chew the cud - brainstorming with deep thoughts, delving deep into the matter in relation to the gathered facts and figures. Thereafter, simply need to have a nice sleep and wake up in the morning; while still in bed taking nice deep breaths and turning and twisting the body and gulping down preferably warm water. When one goes to sleep all the facts and the figures gathered the previous day integrate into a common sense and the remaining unnecessary ones fade and filter out. Upon sleeping

...ozone therapy! P.S. Medical O3 (ozone) is used to disinfect and treat diseases. Although O3 has dangerous effects, yet researchers believe it has many therapeutic effects. Ozone therapy: A clinical review: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312702/ Ozone Nucleolysis for Management of Pain and Disability in Prolapsed Lumber Intervertebral Disc: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299380/ Ozone Nucleolysis: video - https://youtu.be/ZIv61v0M45E

...Universal donors are the rarest! P.S. O negative is the universal donor. The blood group O is the commonest. O - 37.12% B - 32.26% A - 22.88% AB - 7.74%. Rh (D) positive - 94.61% Rh (D) negative - 5.39% ABO and Rh (D) group distribution and gene frequency; the first multicentric study in India: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140055/

...though, it is called 12 lead ECG (6 chest leads I,II,III.aVL,aVR,aVF and 6 limb leads V1-6), only 10 electrodes are used to get the ECG strip - 4 over the 4 limbs and 6 over the chest. Each lead  rhythm is taken for 10 seconds, therefore, total time taken for all 12 leads is 10x12 = 120 seconds = 2 minutes strip. ...the ECG paper speed is 25 mm/second, therefore in 60 seconds, it runs 25x60=1500 mm. That is why 1500 is divided by the number of small squares between RR complexes to calculate heart rate. The large square is of 5 small squares, therefore, 300 is divided by the number of large squares between RR complexes. ...each small square is of 0.04 second duration because the paper speed is 25 mm/second. That is to say 100 mm or 100 small squares = 4 seconds, therefore, 4/100 = 0.04 second = each small square duration. ...amplitude of the P, QRS or T shows the voltage: 10 mm = 1 mV. It is said to be small QRS complex when height is <5 mm in limb and <10 mm in chest le

...take nice deep breaths ( हवा ) to produce 36 instead of just 2 ATPs from each molecule of glucose! P.S. ...glucose in blood undergoes Glycolysis (Glucose to Pyruvate - 2 ATPs) for energy production further down the pathway. ...Then, Oxidation of Pyruvate (Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA) occurs to enter Citric Acid Cycle. ...Within the Citric Acid cycle (8 steps) for production of energy (2 ATPs) (Acetyl CoA to Citrate) and ...further in a series of steps, citrate is oxidized, releasing two carbon dioxide molecules for each acetyl group fed into the cycle releasing 34 ATPs. ...Total 38 ATPs are produced but 2 ATPs are consumed in the process. ...in the presence of Oxygen net 36 ATPs are produced where as in absence  of Oxygen (Pyruvate to Lactate) only 2 ATPs are produced. ...Therefore, aerobic metabolism is generally 18 times more efficient in producing energy. ...it is through Cori cycle (Lactate e.g. of Ringer Lactate) forms into glucose in the liver. For this to happen b

...Give a Man a Fish, and You Feed Him for a Day. Teach a Man To Fish, and You Feed Him for a Lifetime. - Chinese Proverb P.S. An ideal teacher: * educates without boasting. * remains vulnerable and shares his story. * listens without judging. * shares without expecting return. * gives orders without bossing. * admits and accepts to know more. * shows compassion. * shares God's love. ONCE A TEACHER, ALWAYS A STUDENT: A PERSONAL JUSTIFICATION: http://ezrajerusalem.blogspot.in/2015/02/once-teacher-always-student-personal_1.html?m=1 Socrates: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/socrates Give a Man a Fish, and You Feed Him for a Day. Teach a Man To Fish, and You Feed Him for a Lifetime: https://quoteinvestigator.com/2015/08/28/fish/amp/

...Ringer Lactate solution  has slow alkalinising effect provided the liver is functioning normally, otherwise Ringer Acetate is used. In the liver, Lactate is converted to glucose through Cori Cycle and Bicarbonate is produced as a by-product, which has the alkalinising effect, although RL has pH 6.5. ...for acute loss (20-30 ml/Kg/hr) and for intraoperative use, Ringer Lactate (RL) is better. But, for maintenance mix of Normal Saline (NS) or Dextrose Saline with Ringer Lactate is better. Generally, in an adult - 2 bottles of NS, 2 bottles of RL and 1 bottle of Dextrose = 2.5 L/day @ 100 ml/hr suffices. ...RL contains ions of sodium 131 mEq/L, potassium 5 mEq/L, calcium 2 mEq/L, chloride 111 mEq/L, and lactate 29 mEq/L. RL has an osmolarity of 273 mOsmol/L, pH of 6.5, and caloric content of 9 kcal/L. It has fluid and electrolyte balancing effect besides the slow alkalinising effect. ...RL should not be mixed with ceftriaxone due to the significant risk of precipitation with cal

...the exact fluid calculation (Q.4 below) might differ from surgeon to surgeon but the basic reasoning behind the calculation is given below. P.S. Glucose is added to reduce proteolysis and to prevent muscle breakdown. Gastric aspirate (to decompress abdomen via nasogastric tube) contains = Na 70, K 5-15, Cl 120, HCO3 0 mmol/L. N/2 + 20 mmol KCl per litre provides = Na 77, K 20, Cl 77, HCO3 0 mmol/L. The gastric aspirate and the N/2 formulation with Kcl are similar in composition for replacement. Patient has developed fever (101 degree F) due to infection. Insensible fluid loss will be more. The dermal loss which can amount to 500-1000 ml per day due to sweating is of greater importance than the respiratory extra loss of about 110 ml per day. Peritoneal drain loss is 900 ml. Drain is removed when loss becomes approximately <25 ml per day. Since the previous day intake was 3100 ml and the urine output 800 ml, peritoneal drain loss 900 ml and gastric aspirate loss 600

...TIME is the stuff of which life is made of! P.S....the 5 minutes kitchen timer video is to impress that unless one studies at home under pressure of time, how can perform under pressure of time in the exams? ...the method described below has been extremely beneficial to UGs, Interns, JRs, SRs, PGs and others. ...good to set a target for every 5 minutes, to study or revise, say 10 pages or 10 MCQs. This 5 minutes tick-tick video can be saved on mobile and played to finish those 10 pages or MCQs. It will keep under pressure of time to read while preparing. The target can be varied according to the subject matter. ...while playing the tick-tick video, the tick-tick sound will reach the ears, while the eyes will be focused on the book or any reading material or internet (Google searched material). The thought that time is passing by and so much is still left to read, will race the mind and the heart will also beat faster. One needs to sit straight and breath deep through nose a

...Each ml of Isoflurane produces approximately 195 ml of Isoflurane vapour, say roughly 200 ml. A small bottle of Isoflurane contains 30 ml of liquid Isoflurane. Since, 1 ml of liquid Isoflurane produces 200 ml vapour, 30 ml of liquid Isoflurane will produce 6000 ml Isoflurane vapour. An adult patient on an average consumes 250 ml of Oxygen per minute and produces 200 ml Carbon dioxide. In order to keep a safe margin, 4 times the requirement of Oxygen = 1000 ml can be delivered. Plus 1000 ml of Nitrous Oxide. That is 50:50 Entonox mixture, for analgesic effect. Therefore, a total of 2000 ml of Oxygen and Nitrous Oxide mixture called Fresh Gas Flow (FGF) can be delivered per minute. When one sets a vaporiser setting of 1%, it implies that 1% of the FGF of 2000 ml will be Isoflurane vapour = 2000 x 1/100 = 20 ml per minute. Since, 30 ml liquid Isoflurane produces 6000 ml vapour, at a setting of 1% and FGF of 2000 ml/min (20 ml Isoflurane vapour per minute), it will last for 6

...with the worsening renal function, for an example: Urea 201 mg%, Creatinine 8.2 mg% and Hb 8.2 gm% but Serum K still normal 4.1 mmol/L, mostly arteriovenous (AV) fistula is needed to be created in advance for haemodialysis. The fistula matures in about 6 weeks time, then only it can be used for haemodialysis. If urgently needed then double lumen catheter in one of the large veins like Subclavian can be used for Haemodialysis. ...in the dialysis machine there is a semipermeable membrane separating the blood of the patient from the dialysis fluid composed of various substances. Through the semipermeable membrane urea, creatinine and potassium, being small molecules pass into dialysis fluid turning it into urine along with urobilinogen, water and other substances like uric acid, toxins but not the larger molecules like amino acids. ...the filtered blood is returned to the patient. Haemodialysis usually takes 3-5 hours and needs repeating about 3 times a week. ...when the kidney

...DILUTION of 1:200,000 implies that 1 gm of the drug is dissolved in 200,000 ml of the total volume of the solution. P.S. THEREFORE, 1 gm = 1,000 mg = 1,000,000 ug (microgram) dissolved in 200,000 ml solution. That is to say, 1,000,000 ug in 200,000 ml. Upon cancelling, 5 zeros from each, it is 10 ug in 2 ml i.e. 5 ug in 1 ml = 5 ug/ml. Now, it is quite understood that a drug having a dilution of 1:200,000 means that the drug is 5 ug/ml. In the ratio 1:200,000 the gm and ml are silent! Generally, in ENT surgeries in order to induce vasoconstriction such that blood loss is minimal and the absorption of the local anaesthetic like lignocaine is slow and the anaesthetic effect of the local infiltrate into nasal septum or ear canal is prolonged, adrenaline is added to lignocaine in the dilution of 1:200,000. In the available bottle of 2% lignocaine with ADR, adrenaline is generally 1:80,000. That is to say, 1 gm in 80,000 ml = 1,000,000 ug in 80,000 ml = 100 ug in 8 ml = 12.5 ug in

...QUICK assessment of patient suspected to have developed sepsis can be done using the mnemonic: S - Slurred speech E - Extreme shivering or muscle pain P - Passing no urine in a day S - Severe breathlessness I -  I feel like I might die S - Skin mottled or discoloured P.S. IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT by Sepsis Six: Give 3 things and take 3 things: Give oxygen, take blood for culture sensitivity, give antibiotics, take sample for lactate, arterial blood gas and other lab tests, give fluid challenge and take urine output measurement. EARLY IDENTIFICATION by nurses and doctors is important to prevent severe sepsis, multiple organ failure and death. A - Airway: Acute deterioration, possibly of airway as well. B - Breathing: Septic focus somewhere like pneumonia; respiratory rate greater than 21 breaths/min requiring oxygen to keep SpO2 above 92%. C - Circulation: Not passed urine in the last 12-18 hours or less than 0.5 ml/kg/hour. Systolic blood pressure below 90 -100 mm Hg or

...THE EYES see what THE MIND knows! P.S. X-RAY is a 2-dimensional representation of a 3-dimensional object - height and width are seen but depth is not. Just need to see the x-ray as if the patient is facing the observer - left side of the film is the actual right side (R) of the patient. ...AIR appears black (less dense - radiolucent), bone and metal appear white (more dense - radiopaque) and fat, soft tissues, water appear as gray - shade in between black and white. ...POSTEROANTERIOR (PA) view implies that the x-ray is coming from posterior side (back) of the patient and the x-ray plate is in front of the patient; and anteroposterior (AP) view implies that x-ray is going from anterior side (front) of the patient and plate is on the back side. Though, to see the lungs and the cardiac shadow, PA view is better compared to AP view (for bones). it is not possible bedside in an ICU because x-ray can only be emitted from above the bed (from below the bed - iron rods and sheets wil

...MAC has acceptable pragmatic utility in preventing awareness because generally greater MAC is used to prevent mobility - to achieve surgical anaesthesia! P.S. MAC (Eger et al, 1965) Minimum Alveolar Concentration, is a misnomer, rather it should be called MEDIAN Alveolar Concentration because only 50% of the patients are likely to remain immobile to a standard surgical stimulus. For 95% have to deliver 1.2 MAC and for 99%, 1.3 MAC. Vapouriser dial setting (%) corresponds with the MAC number of an inhalational agent, for an example MAC 6 of Desflurane implies that a dial setting of 6% will deliver 1 MAC and 2%  of Sevoflurane, 1 MAC. But, this setting reflects the delivered concentration and not the effect site concentration. MAC number better equates with the Expired Concentration (%) of inhalational agent (shown alongside EtCO2), which reflects effect site Concentration in the Brain  (spinal cord) and a single end point - IMMOBILITY - compared to Guedel's assessment with

...POISON in small doses can be MEDICINE. Proper dose, route and slow administration of drugs cannot only prevent adverse effects, can also turn poison into medicine! P.S. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) can be therapeutically used very much; as thalidomide, despite having gone into disrepute in the 60s, is being used for cancer like multiple myeloma; and leprosy. There is potential therapeutic role of inhaled CO (100 - 500 ppm), which is in excess of CO inspired during routine low flow anaesthesia with Amsorb, a new carbon dioxide absorbent (which produces CO, 1- 3 ppm), though traditional dehydrated soda lime forms more (< 630 ppm) with Desflurane. Amsorb consists of calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride (a compatible humectant - moisture retainer) but no sodium or potassium hydroxide (identified to form CO). Also, it includes two setting agents (calcium sulphate and polyvinylpyrrolidine) to improve hardness and porosity. Also, with Sevoflurane, Amsorb forms much less compound A (&

...EVERYTHING has a price tag! Labour Epidural Analgesia (LEA) complicates normal delivery if timing of start of epidural analgesia, dosing and combination of drug(s) are not thought well! P.S. PLACEMENT of epidural catheter can be done early but the start of local anaesthetic dosing must be ONLY when there is cervical dilatation of at least 4 cm. Instrumental delivery chance increases with higher concentration of local anaesthetics, which should be kept to the minimum (<0.125% Levobupivacaine with or without Fentanyl 2 ug/ml). With low concentration epidural infusion, Caesarean section chance is minimal with odds ratio 1.03, implying that 3% likely than the non-epidural group. However, even with low concentration, chance of instrumental delivery is more than double compared to non-epidural group (odds ratio 2.11). But, there is better labour pain relief (odds ratio 0.1, implying 0.09% likely), though the second stage of labour gets prolonged by about 15 minutes on an average